Speed governor



P 1953 G. B. R. FEILDEN ET AL 2,650,815

SPEED GOVERNOR Filed Sept. 18, 1950 6 Sheets-Sheet 1 @CM m V Ma m A f G Sept. ,1 G. B. R. FEILDEN ET AL 2,650,815

SPEED GOVERNOR Filed Sept. 18, 1950 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 y 12: 5. w/aa Sept. 1, 1953 G. B. R. FEILDEN ETAL 2,650,815

SPEED GOVERNOR Filed Sept. l 8,'195O 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 l 1, 1953 G. B. R. FEILDEN ETAL 2,650,815

SPEED GOVERNOR Filed Sept. 18, 1950 6 SheetsSheet 5 FIG.

FIG. /2.

R w. 9 L p Sept. 1, 1953 G. B. R. FEILDEN ETAL SPEED GOVERNOR 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Sept. 18, 1950 FIG. /5.

s s E 5% .V- M66 4 GR Patented Sept. 1, 1953 SPEED GOVERNOR Geoffrey Bertram Robert Feilden, Lincoln, and

Raymond Ernest Wigg, Ealing Common, London, England, assignors to Ruston &'Horn'sb'y Limited, Lincoln, England, a. British company" Application September 18, 1950, Serial No.-185,372 In Great Britain September 21, 1949 This invention relates to speed-governors of the type in which centrifugal fiyweights loaded by a "speeder spring operate a pilot-valve controlling a hydraulic relay which operates the power control, e. g. the throttle or fuel-valve of the engine to which the governor is fitted.

In its simplest form a governor of this kind, with a fixed. abutment for the Speeder spring,- i. e. one which, though adjustable, is not displaced by changes of'load. on the governed engine, and having a pilot valve with substantially no lap. has a fiat characteristic, i. e. is substantially isochronous; but suchgovernors are not in general dead-beat and may even be unstable; andunless the characteristics of the engine or the load. are such. as to furnish the required stabilization, the governor hunts violently and friction in the flywei'ght-valve system aggravates the hunting tendency.

It 'is therefore desirable to givethe governor a drooping characteristic, such that the governed speed varies with the'load on the engine, a positive droop, causing the governed speed to fall with increase or load, being conducive to stability. To suit the governor to the characteristics of the governed engine and of the load, the drop may be made variable, preferably from a. small negative to a larger positive value, by means of an external adjustment.

One way of providing a drooping characteris tie is to interconnect the spee'der-spring abut ment with the piston or like movable member or the hydraulic relay by means of a lever system, so that as the movable member moves the Speeder-spring abutment is moved proportionally. A positive droop will then be obtained if movement of the movable member the direction for increasing the power-output of the engine causes the. spring abutment to be movedin the direction for relaxing the effort exertedlby the spring on the pilot valve whenthe latter is in its equilibrium position. Variation of the amount and. sign of the droop maybe obtained by providing means for adjustably sh fting the fulcrum of the lever system. V For varying the governed. speed. at a given loading of the governed engine, e. g. full load, without alteration of the drooping characteristimadjustable means for shifting the Speeder-spring abutment must be provided}. which. means acts independently of 'thelever systemb which the spring abutment is connected to the movable member of the hydraulic relay. V V M g An object of the invention istoprovide animproved mechanism for this purpose, in which the speeder-spring abutment is connected by a leadscrew and nut device with a member slidable in the body and pivotally connected tothe lever system, and externally operable means,jsuch-;as worm and worm-wheel, arepproivided forrela' 2 tively rotating the lead-screw and its nut to shift the abutment with respect to the member pivotally connectedto the lever system.

It often happens that a large permanent droop is unacceptable, while for good stability a large droop is necessary. These apparently conflicting requirements may be satisfied by providing two separate mechanisms for obtaining a drooping characteristic, one of the kind previously discussed giving a permanent droop, which may be adjustable, and another giving a temporary droop, also optionally adjustable. The latter mechanism may comprise a follow-up member, e. g. a ported valve-sleeve, which .co-operates with the ,fi yweight actuated pilot valve spindle and is moved by the movable member of the relay through. the intervention ofacolu'm'n of hydraulic fluid. provided with an adjustable bleed or leak, the renew-u member being spring-biased to re-' turn to'it's initial position after displacement in either sense, and its return being controlled by the above-mehtionedbleed.

Another object of theinve'ntion is to provide an improved'mechanism of'tliis kind, in which the ported sleeve is connected to the flyweight carrier by one or more fiat springs, which'or each of which is resiliently flexible in a plane parallel to the 9521's" Of the carrier but substantially rigid in a plane p'erpendicmar to this axis. This spring (or springs) serves the dual pur ose of biasing the sleeve to its 'initialpo'sit'ion and of rotating it continuously in the body and about the pi1otvalve spindle. This relative rotation tends to eliminate errors of governing arising from friction.

The degree "of temporary droop obtainable by a'foIlow-up valve member moved through the intervention ofa column of hydraulic fluid by the relay can be 'adju'stably varied by placing the hydraulic column in communication with a spring loaded hydraulic accumulator, the springrate of which is adjustably variable.

Arurther object of the invention is to provide an improved adjustable spring-loading means of the accumulator comprising a flat spring, one end of which is' secured to the" movable member ofthe' accumulato'rand the other to a rigid memher, to w'hich'the spring is clamped; at an intermediate point by a movable clamp slidable lengthwise oi the spring on the rigid member and provided'with means for locking it in any desired position of adjustment.

A further object of the invention is the provision of improved means for actuating an emergency device, independent of the normal power-- output control means, for shutting-down the power-output of the governed engine to idling value almost instantaneously in the event of serious overspeed ing. For actuating. such a device, ana-uxiliary valve i ndependent of the pilot valve controlling the hydraulic relay operating the normal power-output control, is provided;

and it is desirable that this auxiliary valves operation should not partake of the temporary drooping characteristic imparted by the follow-up valve sleeve, because otherwise the engine speed would tend to attain excessive values in the event of sudden shedding of the load.

According to a further feature of the invention, the same auxiliary valve is constituted by an extension of the flyweight-operated, nonrotary pilot valve spindle and a ported, rotative sleeve surrounding it, said sleeve being connected to the hereinbefore described follow-up sleeve by a helical spring which transmits rotation from the follow-up sleeve to the said ported sleeve and presses the latter axially against a fixed abutment, and thereby prevents it from moving axially.

This arrangement causes the ported sleeve of the auxiliary valve to be rotated continuously, thus eliminating the adverse efiects of friction as much as possible, and insures that the poweroutput is promptly shut down when the engine speed exceeds the normal governed speed for noload conditions by a predetermined margin.

A specific example of the improved governor for controlling the fuel valve of a gas-turbine engine, the fuel-valve being incorporated in the governor assembly, is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, which also include a number of diagrammatic figures illustrating different phases of the operation of the governor, and a graphical representation of the behavior of the governor. In the drawings,

Figure l is a central, vertical longitudinal section on the line of Figures 2, 3, 4 and Figures 2 to 5 are vertical cross-sections on the lines 2-2, 3-3, 4-4 and 5-5 respectively of Figure 1; :3

Figure 6 is a side elevation viewed in the direction of arrows 6 of Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5;

Figures '7 to 14 are the diagrammatic figures above referred to; and

Figure 15 is the graphical representation above referred to.

Referring to Figures 1 to 6, the fixed structure of the governor is made in two pieces, viz. a body 28 and a body-extension 2| fastened together. On the free end of the body 20 is fixed a bracket 22 carrying a bearing 23 in which is journaled the driving shaft 24 carrying a driving pinion 25.

The lower part of the body 20 is bored at 26 to provide a cylinder in which slides a relay-piston 28 and which is closed by a head 21, in which the rod 29 of piston 28 slides.

The body-extension 2| is bored coaxially with the cylinder 26 to receive a valve-body 33 in which slides a fuel-valve piston 34 necked at 35 and having tapered notches 38 in its head, which projects into a cavity 31 enclosed by cover 38. The fuel-inlet pipe is attached to a union 39 (Figure 5) communicating by a duct 48 with the annular space surrounding the neck 35; and the fuel outlet pipe is connected to the cover 38 and communicates through an opening 4| (Figures 1 and 6) with the cavity 31. A recess 42 surrounding the valve member 34 and closed by a seal 43 communicates by means of ducts 44 and an annular recess 45 in the valve body with a drain 46.

Piston 28 is connected to the cylinder head 21 by a flexible bellows 30, the interior of which is vented through openings in the head 21. The piston thus separates the working space 3| of the cylinder from an annular space 32 of variable volume between the cylinder wall and the bellows 30 enclosed by the piston 28 and the cylinder head 21.

Above the cylinder 26 and parallel to it, the body 28 is bored through to form a valve cylinder receiving rotary sleeves 41, 48, of which sleeve 41 is free to slide axially. Within the sleeves 41, 48 slides a non-rotary spindle 49, one end of which abuts on a speeder-spring 50, acting in compression, and the other end carries a thrust bearing 5| carrying a rotary thrust pad 52, engaged by rollers 53 mounted on bell-cranks 54, which carry fiyweights 55 and are pivoted in a housing 56 formed integrally with the driving shaft 24. Rotation is imparted to sleeve 41 by a pair of laminated leaf springs 51, centrally clamped to the sleeve 41, their ends being apertured to receive studs 58 secured to the housing 56 and carrying helical compression springs 53 and nuts 60, between which the leaf-spring ends are located. Sleeves 41, 48 are separated by an annular gap 6| surrounding the spindle 49 and communicating with the annular space 32 through apassage 62. The gap 6| encloses a helical spring 63, which transmits rotation from sleeve 41 to sleeve 48 and holds the latter against a thrust plate 64 secured by set screws 65 to the body 20.

Spindle 49 and sleeve 41 constitute a followup valve controlling the displacement of the relay-piston 28. The body 26 is provided with an inlet duct 66 (Figure 3) leading from an inlet connection 61 (Figures 3 and 6) and terminating in an opening (Figure l) in the wall of the valve cylinder. Connection is made at 61 to an external source of hydraulic fiuid under the working pressure, such as the high pressure lubrication system of the engine. For convenience the working fluid will be hereafter referred to as oil. An annular recess 68 in the body 20 communicates by a duct 69 with the Working space 3| of the relay cylinder 26. Sleeve 41 has two external annular grooves 18, 1| communicating respectively with the inlet duct 66 and the annular recess 68, and by means of radial openings 12, 13 respectively with the interior of the sleeve. A further radial opening 14 is provided in the sleeve 41 outside the body 28. The spindle 48 has portions of reduced diameter providing annular clearances 15, 16 between the spindle and the sleeve 41 separated by a land 11 on the spindle, which also has an axial internal passage 18 communicating by radial openings 19 with clearance 15, which in turn communicates continuously through the openings 12 and annular recess 10 with the inlet duct 66, while clearance 16 communicates with the exterior through opening 14. The openings 13 leading from the interior of the sleeve 41 to the annular recesses 1|, 68, which communicate by duct 69 with the relay cylinder, are normally covered by the land 11 of spindle 49, substantially without lap.

Sleeve 48 constitutes with spindle 49 an emer gency overspeed valve. An annular clearance between the sleeve 48 and spindle 49, formed by an internal annular recess in the sleeve and a necked portion 8| of the spindle, communicates by radial openings 82 with the axial passage 18 of the spindle and by radial openings 83 with an external annular recess 84 in the sleeve 48; and the latter communicates with a duct 85 formed in the body 28 leading to an external connection 86 (Figure 6), which is connected to a device (not shown), e. g. a comsee ers 5 presso-r blow-ofi-valve, for shutting down the engine when the hydraulic pressure in duct B5 is released by displacement of the spindle 49, to the right as seen in Figure 1, so as toexpose its necked portion BI outside the sleeve 48 and thus vent the clearance 80, 8I to'the interior of the body-extension 2!. The venting of clearance 80, 8| occurs when the spindle 49 reaches a definite position with respect to the body 20, corresponding to a specific increase of speed over the governing speed immediately prior to the increase.

The axial channel I8 of spindle t is closed at one end by a plug carrying a speeder-spring thrust plate 81, and is partially closed at the other end by a Irestrictor 88 providing a bleed for lubricating the thrust bearing I.

Sleeve 41 is further provided with internal and external annular recesses 80, 90 interconnected by radial passages 03; and sleeve 43 has similar internal and external recesses 0|, 92 interconnected by radial passages. Recesses 00, 92 communicate with ducts 05, 96 respectively, formed in the body 20. These sets of passages constitute drains isolating the annular gap 6| between sleeves 41, 48 from leakage of highpressure oil from the annular recesses and clearances "it, 84, T5, 86 which are under the feed pressure, as supplied through the inlet connectionfil.

Since the sleeves 41, 03 rotate continuously, while the body 20 and spindle 49 do not rotate, the surfaces of contact between these parts are subject to continuous, steady relative movement which minimizes irregularities of operation due to friction.

In the upper part of the body 20 is a reservoir 01, of which the upper part is vented by an opening I38 leading to the interior of the bodyextension El, and the lower part communicates with the annular recess 68 by a duct 06 and with the annular gap M by a duct 80. The openings of ducts as, ea into the reservoir 01 are provided with adjustable restrictors I00, I0| in the form of guided needles having externally exposed screwed heads carrying adjusting nuts 32, I03. The drain duct 95 also leads into the reservoir 91, while drain duct 06 leads into the cavity of the body-extension 2 I.

From the duct 90, a side branch I04 (see Figures 1 and 3) leads into a cavity I05 closed by a cover I06, to the inner face of which is secured a flexible bellows IE1, the interior of the bellows being vented through openings in the cover I06.

To the closed, free end of the bellows and coaxial therewith is secured a rod I03 which slides in the cover I06. The exposed end of rod I08 is attached to one end of a leaf spring I00, of which the other end is clamped to a rigid slide bar I I0 secured to the cover IE6 and carrying an adjustable slide composed of beaded studs III carrying clamping nuts II2 (only one stud and nut being seen in Figure 3) and a pair of clamping bars IE3, between which the spring I09 is clamped. The efiective length and consequently the stifiness of spring I00 can be varied by ad'- justing the slides III, II2, II 3 up and down the slide bar H0. The cavity I05 therefore c0nstitutes a hydraulic accumulator loaded by the spring I00 whose stifiness is adjustable.

The outer end of the speeder-spring 50 abuts on an abutment cup I I4 which slides in a thimble H5 and is prevented from rotating by a key IIB engaging in a keyway formed in the thimble. The central boss of the abutment cup H4 is threaded to constitute. a nut threaded on a leadscrew 'I H terminating in a spigot supported in a spigot bearing Ilba in the head of the thimble I I5, which bearing I I 5a transmits to the thimble the end load in the lead screw due to the thrust of the speeder spring. The lead screw Ill carries an integral spur pinion H8 (Figures 1 and 5) engaged by a worm H0 supported in bearings formed in the body-extension 2i and having an integral flange I20 (Figure 5) located between a shoulder of the body extension and a ferrule I2I, in the recess of which the end of the worm H9 is exposed for connection to the Speeder-spring adjusting control system (not illustrated).

The thimble l I5 is slidable axially in a bushing Him mounted in the body-extension 2| and is pivotally connected by pins I22 with a lever I23 in the form of an apertured plate (see also Figure 4) of which the lower end is extended in the form of a striking fork Iii engaging a reduced diameter portion of the fuel-valve piston 34. The sides of lever I23 are formed with guideways I25 in which are slidable trunnion blocks I26 pivoted on trunnions IZ'I mounted in a yoke I28 vertically displaceable by a lead screw 20 which extends outside the body-extension 2I and is axially located by a collar 13-0 integral with the lead screw and an external nut IS-I.

In order that axial displacement of the worm wheel H3 by the lever I23 and thimble I15 may not disturb the manual speed setting, the worm wheel I I8 has straight-spur teeth of sufficient axial length to accommodate the axial displacement, the tooth pitch being sufficient to allow for the helical angularity of the worm H9. Alternatively, the worm wheel may have helical teeth and be mounted on the shaft of the lead-screw I I? by means of a key and keyway enablingrelative sliding to take place, in whichcase the worm wheel I It must be axially located in the body extension 2I by means of suitable thrust bearings, the lead-screw I i! being axially located inthe thimble I I5 by other such bearings.

Between the lower part of lever I23 and abutments in the body-extension 2| are arranged a pair of compression helical springs I32 (Figures 1 and 5) which oppose the effort of the speederspring 50 on the lever and serve a relay-piston return-springs, since their effort, reduced by the opposed efiort of the Speeder-spring 50, is transmitted by the lever I23 tothe fuel-valve piston 34 and is opposed to that exerted by the relay-piston 23. The effective returning effort on the relaypiston depends on'th position of fulcrum I2! and is least when the fulcrum is at its highest setting. The springs I32 are made powerful enough for the net returning effort in this position to be adequate to return the relay-piston at anyfuelvalve setting.

The striking fork 42d of lever I23 has a shoulder engageable by an eccentric pin I 33 (Figure 4) on the end of a spindle I34, which is rotatably adjustable in the body-extension 2| from the outside. This furnishes an adjustable stop for the fuel-valve piston 34 limiting the extent to which the valve can be closed by the governor when the engine is running under no-load conditions.

A transparent window I 35 (Figures 4 and '6) 1n the body-extension 2| enables the position of lever I23 to be observed; and a similar window :closed by a plug "I31, for filling the cavity of the body-extension with oil (Figures 1 and 6).

Before describing the operation of the governor in detail, the following points may usefully be noted:

(i) If the restrictor IUI is completely closed a column of oil contained in the space 32, 62, SI, 99, I04, I is completely confined, and since oil is only very slightly compressible, the volume of the column cannot vary substantially. Therefore, provided that this column completely fills the above-mentioned space and is maintained under positive pressure, it acts substantially as a rigid connection between the relay-piston 28 and the sliding sleeve 41, so that, when the relay-piston moves outwards (to the right in Figure l) under the admission of oil to the working space 3| of the cylinder 29, oil is expelled from the annular space 32 into the gap GI and thereby drives the sleeve 41 to the left as seen in Figure 1.

Movement in either direction of sleeve 41 is resisted by springs 51 (it may here be mentioned that the effort of spring 63 is negligible in comparison with that of springs 51) When the relay-piston moves inwards, oil is sucked into the annular space 32 from the gap 8 I, which will close, so as to keep the space 32, 62, GI, 99, I04, I05 filled, provided that the external thrust on the sleeve 41 is positive. The outer face of this sleeve is under atmospheric pressure which supplies the necessary positive thrust when the opposed efforts of springs 51 and 63 are in equilibrium, and the external thrust will remain positive until springs 51 are deflected (to the right in Figure 1) far enough for their eifort (to which is added that of spring 63) to balance the atmospheric pressure. Deflection of this order is well outside the normal operating range.

(ii) If the restrictor I9I is opened the pressure in the space 32, 62, BI, 99, I04, I05 will equalise with that of the atmosphere, since the reservoir 91 is vented at I38 to the interior of the body-extension 2| which is at atmospheric pressure, and the springs 51 will return sleeve 41 to its neutral position after a delay depending on the setting of the restrictor "II which determines the rate of bleed to or from the reservoir 91 through the duct 99.

(iii) The accumulator I05I08 takes or gives up part of the oil expelled from or drawn into space 32 and the column of liquid 32, 62, BI, 99, I04, I05 then operates not as a rigid connection between piston 28 and sleeve 41, but as a resilient connection, whose stiffness, which depends on the adjustment of spring I09, determines the ratio of the (initial) displacement of sleeve 41 to that of piston 28.

When the land 11 of valve-spindle 49 (by relative movement to the left in Figure l) exposes the radial openings 13 of sleeve 41, leading to the annular recesses H and 68, to the annular clearance 15, which communicates with the inlet duct 66 by way of openings 12 and the annular recess 10, it not only admits the oil under the supply pressure to the working space 3I of cylinder 26 by way of the duct 69, but also to duct 98 leading to the reservoir 91 past the adjustable restrictor I00, which therefore constitutes an adjustable leak or bleed from the pressure oil supply to the relay cylinder, The effect of this is to de-sensitize the governor to an extent depending on the adjustment of the restrictor I00, for the freer is the leakage past the restrictor the more widely must the openings 13 be uncovered by the land 11 to achieve a given flow through duct 69 into the cylinder space 3I. In fact, the land 11 must move far enough (relatively to pelled therefrom through opening 62.

8 sleeve 41) to beat the leak before the oil can reach the relay cylinder.

(v) As the relay-piston 28 moves, it rocks the lever I23 about its (adjustable) fulcrum I21 and thereby displaces the thimble I I5, lead-screw H1 and abutment cup I I4, so as to relax the speederspring 50 as the fuel-valve 34, 35, 36 is opened and conversely, when the fulcrum I21 is above the pivotal connection I22 of the lever I23 to the thimble II5. This action is reversed if the fulcrum I21 is'adjusted to be below the axis of pivots I22. (At its lowest possible position the fulcrum I21 is above the striking fork I24.) Slackening of the spring 50 of course decreases the governed speed, and conversely; and since open ing of the fuel-valve is the governed response to increased load, and conversely, the governed speed decreases with increase of load, giving a permanent drooping characteristic to the governor, if the fulcrum I21 is above the pivotal connection I22; and if the fulcrum is substantially below the pivotal connection, the governor characteristic will be rising. To obtain a perfectly droopless characteristic, the fulcrum I21 must be slightly below the pivot I22, since leakages in the valve system as well as the bleed past restrictor I00 introduces a slight droop in the characteristic, unless compensated.

The operation of the governor is as follows: assuming the engine to be running steadily at the governed speed, the spindle 49 is in equilibrium between the thrust of the speeder-spring 50 and the opposed thrust of the rollers 53 due to the centrifugal forces on the flyweights 55 transmitted through the bell cranks 54; and the sleeve 41 is in equilibrium under the opposed effects of spring 63 and springs 51 in the position shown (in Figure 1), in which its openings 13 are covered by the land 11 of the spindle 49, so that no flow takes place into or out of the relay-cylinder space 3I (Figure '1).

If the load on the engine increases, causing the speed to fall off, the flyweights collapse inwards and allow the speeder-spring to move the spindle 49 to the left (as seen in Figures 1 and '1 to 14) and uncover openings 13 so as to admit the oil, supplied under pressure through inlet duct 66, recess 10, openings 12 and clearance 15, to the cylinder space 3!, via openings 13, recesses H and 68, and duct 69, causing the relay-piston 28, rod 29 and fuel valve-piston 34, to move to the right and increase the fuel-valve opening (Figure 8). The engine therefore accelerates again and this tends to return the flyweights 55 and spindle 49 towards their initial position.

At the same time the volume of space 32 in the relay-cylinder is decreased and oil is ex- The expelled oil is accommodated by increase of volume of the annular gap SI between sleeves 41 and 48, the sleeve 41 being displaced to the left, thus straining the springs 51.

Movement of the piston 28 and sleeve 41 continues until the openings 13 are again closed, but as the sleeve 41 has moved to the left the governor stabilises with the spindle 49 slightly to the left of its initial position at a somewhat lower speed than the original governed speed (Figure 9). The effect of the follow-up sleeve 41 is therefore to give the governor a drooping characteristic, i. e. the governed speed decreases with increase of load.

This droop is only temporary unless the restrictor IN is completely closed, for the straining of springs 51 applies pressure to the column of oil in space 32, 62, 65 causing a slow bleed from this space through duct 99 past the. restrictor Hi i. into the reservoir 9?, while the'consequential displacement to the right of sleeve 4'5, as the volume of the column of liquid in space 32, 62, ill decreases, slightly re-exposes the. openings i3 allowing more oil to enter the cylinder space M and thus move the relay-piston further to the right and increase the fuel valve opening, so as to accelerate the engine and cause the spindle 49 to move to the right and follow the sleeve 47. This continues until the initial position of springs 51, sleeve 4'1,v spindle 39, and iiyweights 55 is reached when the governor stabilises at the former speed but with the fuel valve wider open to enable the engine tov carry the increased load (Figure 10).

The extent of the temporary droop in the governor characteristic is regulated by the setting of the movable clamp ill, H2, M3, for the accumulator I95 absorbs part or. the oil expelled from space 52, thus reducing the increase of volume of the annular gap 6!, and the position of the sleeve at when equilibrium is temporarily established as in Figure 9 is determined by the stiffness of the accumulator spring I89, as adjusted by the movable clamp Ill, H2, H3, relatively to that of the springs (Figure 11).

The sequence of. events when the load is decreased is similar to that described above, the displacements of theseveral parts being in the reverse direction. Movement of spindle lfi to the right relative to sleeve ll uncovers the openings l3 so as to allow the oil to escape from the cylinder space 3| into clearance l6 and thence to the exhaust opening 14.

The function of the adjustable restrictor we in de sensitizing the. governor has already been explained at (iv) above. It is illustrated in Figure 12. As the pressure in the cylinder space 3! required to overcome the resistance of the relayiston return-springs it?! increases as the fuelvalve is opened, 1. e. as the load increases, necessitating wider uncovering. of the openings l3 for a given flow of oil when the load changes, the de-sensitizing effect of the bleed for a given se ting. or the restrictor lilll is greater as the load increases.

The function of the lever [23 and associated mechanism in providing a permanent drooping (or rising.) characteristic already been describcd at (v) above; and since the position of fulcrum it? is adjustableirom outside the governor, the degree of permanent droop (positive or negative) may be varied at will during running, illustrated in Figures 13 and 1a, Figure 13 showing a setting for permanent (positive) droop and Figure 14 the setting for compensating leakage so as to give-true isochronism.

Figure 15 illustrates. the functioning of the governor. The abscissaerepresent time and the ordinates. speed. From a to b the engine is running steadily at the governed speed. At b an increase of load occurs. If it were instantaneous the curve would rise momentarily but as the increase normall-y requires a finite time the governor can keep pace with it. The temporary droop due to the follow-up valve system causes the curve to droop from b to c, representing temporary stabilizationat a lower speed. From 1: to d the curve rises again to the-original speed owing to the action of the bleed frcmthe oil column acting on the follow-up sleeve. The governor then stabilises at the original speed with the engine running under increased load (cl. to 2).

If the fulcrum I2! is set for permanent droop the line de would be below the level of the line ab.

The extent of the temporary droop from b to c is determined by the setting of the accumulator springs I09; and the time or recovery from c to d by the setting of the restrictor H) I.

The overspeed valve 49, 48 comes into operation to shut down the engine, if the speed rises by more than a certain percentage, say 5%, over the governed speed immediately before the overspeed. This governed speed depends on the load unless the fulcrum. I21 of the lever I23 is set so as to give a characteristic with zero droop, but the action of the overspeed valve is independent of the temporary droop due to the follow-up sleeve 41.

We claim:

1. In a governor for governing the speed of a prime mover, a hydraulic servo-motor for controlling the power-output of the governed prime mover and comprising a movable and an immovable member together defining a working space of variable volume; valve means controlling the entry and discharge of hydraulic fluid from said working space and comprising a ported valve body, a ported valve-sleeve slidable and rotatable therein and a valve-piston slidable axially in said sleeve; spring-loaded centrifugal means for controllably displacing the valve-piston axially including a flyweight carrier rotatable by the governed prime mover coaxially with the valve-piston and -sleeve, flyweights pivotally mounted thereon and a speeder spring, which latter engages the valve-piston and besides controlling its axial displacement prevents it from rotating; and hydraulicand spring-means for controllably displacing the valve-sleeve axially, including means confining a column of hydraulic fluid constituting a motion-transmitting connection between the movable member of the servomotor and the valve-sleeve, adjustable means providing a variable leak from and to said column and a spring connecting the valve-sleeve to thefiyweight-carrier, said last-named spring on the one hand being resiliently yielding in a plane containing the common axis of the valve-sleeve and flyweight-carrier, thus enabling the valvesleeve to be displaced axially in either sense, while tending always to return said sleeve to the same position, and on the other hand being substantially rigid in a plane perpendicular to said axis to constitute a driving connection by which the fiyweight-carrier imparts rotation to the valve-sleeve.

2. In a governor for governing the speed of a prime mover, a hydraulic servo-motor for controlling the power-output of the governed prime mover and comprising a movable and an immovable member together defining a working space of variable volume; valve means controlling the entry and discharge of hydraulic fluid from said working space and comprising a ported valve body, a ported valve-sleeve slidable and rotatable therein and a valve-piston slidable axially in said sleeve; spring-loaded centrifugal means for controllably displacing the valve-piston axially including a flyweight carrier rotatable by the governed prime mover coaxially with the valve-piston and -sleeve," flyweights pivotally mounted thereon and aspeeder spring; hydraulic means for controllably displacing the valve-sleeve axially, including meansconfining a column of hydraulic fluid constituting a motion-transmitting connection. between the movable member of theservo-motor and the valve-sleeve, adjustable means providing a variable leak from and to said column, an hydraulic accumulator in communication with said column having adjustable springioading means comprising a fixed, rigid member, a flat spring and an adjustable clamp, one end of said last-named spring being secured to the rigid member and the other to the accumulator, and the adjustable clamp being displaceable lengthwise of said last-named spring to clamp a selected intermediate point thereof to the rigid member; and spring means tending always to return said valve-sleeve to the same position.

3. A governor as defined in claim 2, whereof the fixed rigid member to which the accumulator spring is secured is constituted by a flanged bar, the adjustable clamp being slidable thereon and provided with means for engaging and gripping the flanges of said bar.

4. In a governor for governing the speed of a prime mover, a hydraulic servo-motor for controlling the power-output of the governed prime mover and comprising a movable and an immovable member together defining a working space of variable volume; valve means controlling the entry and discharge of hydraulic fluid from said working space and comprising a ported valve body, a ported valve-sleeve slidable and rotatable therein and a valve-piston slidable axially in said sleeve; spring-loaded centrifugal means for controllably displacing the valve-piston axially including a fiyweight carrier rotatable by the governed prime mover coaxially with the valve-piston and -sleeve, flyweights pivotally mounted thereon and a speeder spring, which latter is attached to the valve-piston and prevents it from rotating; hydraulic and springmeans for controllably displacing the valvesleeve axially, including means confining a column of hydraulic fluid constituting a motiontransmitting connection between the movable member of the servo-motor and the valve-sleeve, adiustable means providing a variable leak from and to said column and a spring tending always to return said valve-sleeve to the same position; a device for rapidly reducing the power output of the governed prime mover, a second valve-sleeve rotatable in the valve body coaxially with the first mentioned valve-sleeve and cooperative with an exten ed part of the val e-piston for controlling the flow of hydraulic fluid through a port of the valve body adapted to be connected to said de ice for rapidly reducing the power output of the governed prime mover, an abutment restricting axial dis lacement of said second valve-sleeve in one direction. and a helical spring inter-connecting the two valve-sleeves and resiliently transm tting rotation from the first to the second of said sleeves, and being also operative in com'oression'to ress said second valvesleeve a ain t said abu ment and thereby prevent it from moving axiallv, whereby the opening and closing b the valve-piston of the ports o the econd alve-s eeve is determ ned onlv by the position of the al e-piston and hence occurs at an invariable critical speed.

5. In a overnor for overning the s ed of a pr me mo er. a, hydraulic se vo-motor for controll n the power-out ut of the governed prime mover and com risin a mova le member and an immovable ho v to ether defining a working space of variable volume: valve means controlline the entry and discharge of hydraulic fluid from said workin s ace and com rising a ported valve-sleeve rotatable in a ported part Of t body and a valve-piston slidable axially in said sleeve; spring-loaded centrifugal means for controllably displacing the valve-piston axially including a flyweight carrier rotatable by the governed prime mover coaxially with the valve-piston and -sleeve, flyweights pivotally mounted thereon and a speeder spring, which engages the valve-piston and besides controlling its axial displacement prevents it from rotating, a lever fulcrumed on the body and connected to the movable member of the servo-motor for angular displacement thereby proportionally to the displacements of said movable member, a speederspring-abutment-housing slidable axially of said valve-piston and pivotally connected to said lever, a speeder-spring-abutment slidable axially of said valve-piston in said abutment-housing, means preventing rotation of said abutment in said abutment-housing, a lead screw coaxial with said valve-piston in threaded engagement with said speeder-spring abutment, a thrust bearing formed in said abutment-housing to receive said lead-screw and transfer the thrust of the speeder-spring to said abutment-housing, and externally operable gearing for rotating said lead screw.

6. A governor as defined in claim 5, in which the mentioned externally operable gearing comprises a worm and worm wheel.

7. In a governor for governing the speed of a prime mover, a hydraulic servo-motor for controlling the power-output of the governed prime mover and comprising a movable member and an immovable body together defining a working space of variable volume; valve means controlling the entry and discharge of hydraulic fluid to and from said working space and comprising a valve-piston slidable axially in said body; spring-loaded centrifugal means for controllably displacing the valve-piston axially including a flyweight carrier rotatable by the governed prime mover coaxially with the valve-piston, flyweights pivotally mounted thereon and a speeder spring, which is operative on the valve-piston and controls its axial displacement, a lever fulcrumed on the body and connected to the movable member of the servo-motor for angular displacement thereby proportionally to the displacements of said movable member, a speeder-spring abutment assembly comprising two elements each of which is slidable in said body axially of the valvepiston, one of said elements constituting the abutment of the speeder-spring and the other such element being pivotally connected to said lever, a lead-screw in threaded engagement with one of said elements and axially located by the other such element, and externally operable gearing for imparting relative rotation to said lead-screw and the element with which it is in threaded engagement to shift the abutment element axially with respect to the element pivotally connected to the lever.

GEOFFREY BERTRAM ROBERT FEILDEN. RAYMOND ERNEST WIGG.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,179,696 Keel et al Nov. 14, 1939 2,333,184 Kalin Nov. 2, 1943 2,341,384 Kalin Feb. 8, 1944 2,344,308 Kalin Mar. 14, 1944 2,364,116 Whitehead Dec. 5, 1944 2,364,817 Reggio Dec. 12, 1944 2,371,157 Drake Mar. 13, 1945 

